WEEK 4 OUTLINE

In 1859, the year Darwin published The Origin of Species, the idea about cells was that they were about as complicated as today's ping pong balls. Of course today, we know there is nothing further from the truth.

THE LIVING CELL

1. What Is A Cell?

The building blocks of life.

Robert Hooke, inventor of the microscope, looked at cork. He noticed that the cork was made up of little boxes, or cells. Bacteria are called Prokaryotes, or "before nucleus". All other cells are called Eukaryotes, or "true nucleus".

THE HUMAN BODY HAS AN ESTIMATED 40 TRILLION CELLS,
ALL WORKING TOGETHER TO MAKE YOU FUNCTION.

To grasp what exactly a cell is and does, you really have to compare it with something familiar to you. Let's take, for instance, a factory.

"Perhaps in no other area of modern biology is the challenge posed by the extreme complexity and ingenuity of biological adaptations more apparent than in the fascinating new world of the molecular cell....To grasp the reality of life as it has been revealed by molecular biology, we must magnify a cell a thousand million times until it is twenty kilometers in diameter and resembles a giant airship large enough to cover a great city like London or New York. What we would then see would be an object of unparalleled complexity and adaptive design. On the surface of the cell we would see millions of openings, like the port holes of a vast ship, opening and closing to allow a continual stream of materials to flow in and out. If we were to enter one of these openings we would find ourselves in a world of supreme technology and bewildering complexity..."

Michael Denton, in Evolution: A Theory In Crisis, (Adler & Adler, Publishers, Inc.), back cover, p. 328.

The rest of the paragraph and indeed the chapter is devoted to the complexity of the cell. In describing the cell, Mr. Denton acknowledges the incredible design of it, yet there is no indication in the book that the man ever becomes a Creationist. In fact, he still believe in Evolution, in spite of the evidence HE presents, not because of it.

2. What Is DNA?

Stuff of life. Contains your genes, which is all of the information about who you are.

A cell needs 20 different proteins to produce DNA. These proteins are produced by the DNA. The molecule has to contain not only the information needed to make the protein, but information needed to make itself again(copy). Also, the code is exact. If you have three parts A,B,C), you have six chances(ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CBA, CAB). Only one combination will work. And it has to be correctly aligned-quickly-so as to avoid breakdown of the parts themselves. You need a cell to have DNA. You need DNA to have a cell. Kind of like the chicken and the egg problem. Need I say more?

Let's let the Evolutionist say more.

"Did the code and the means of translating it appear simultaneously in Evolution? It seems almost incredible that any such coincidence could have occurred, given the extraordinary complexities of both sides and the requirements that they be coordinated accurately for survival. By a Pre-Darwinian(or a skeptic of Evolution after Darwin) this puzzle surely would have to be interpreted as the most powerful sort of evidence for special Creation."

Caryl P. Haskings,"Advances and Challenges in Science in 1970", American Scientist, Vol. 59 May-June 1971, p. 305.

3. Six Feet In A Cell

Scientists are right now trying to figure out the code from a single DNA molecule. They are using the most sophistocated supercomputers available to crack the code.

Another Example

This calculation was done by George Gaylord Simpson in an work called The History of Life", in Evolution Of Life, , ed. Sol Tax, University of Chicago Press, pp.117-180, 135. In the fossil record, we have single-celled organisms, and trilobites. No two, three, five, twenty, etc. celled animals existed?

No natural process is in any way known to produce a program. The code is just that. All natural known processes make the amount of information less over time. Only the intervention of an external source of information can make life possible.

 To compare information in the cell to computer bits, the following comparison to show how much is in the cell is offered:

So how can a universe of much less complexity produce a cell of much more complexity?

From whence cometh this information if it's not preent in the universe to begin with?

Spontaneous Generation - Impossible!

4. How Evolutionists Believe DNA Started Out

This is the biggest stumbling block for the Evolutionists. Life from non-life is their pet peeve.

"Basic building blocks of life-amino acids and nucleotides-were made in the earth's atmosphere by the passage of lightning bolts through primitive gases. Then they drained out of the atmosphere into the oceans and made a kind of "chicken soup" in which collisions occurred. Eventually, the first self-replicating molecule was formed by accident, and as soon as a molecule could divide and reproduce itself, you had a magic law broken for the first time. The scientific story of genesis has chance as it's basic ingredient. You look at the story in detail, and every element of it is governed by some random event. A random collision among atoms that created the stars including the sun. Random collisions of the molecules of life that created the first DNA, the first self-replicating molecule. This fact has both puzzled and distressed many students of the subject. They feel that since the story leads in an unbroken line from that chance event of a threshold straight up to man, there's something unsatisfactory about it, about a story that says that man's existence on earth is a product of chance."

-Dr. Robert Jastrow, from N.A.S.A., founded the Goddard Space Studies, as quoted in Geo Magazine, February 1982, pp. 11-12.

There are many other theories as to how this might happen, but this is the general one. The idea is that, given enough time, anything can happen.

THE MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT: LIFE?

Several years ago , when my sister-in-law was at my home, she told me that she was taught that "they" had made life in a laboratory. This is a total lie.In 1952-1953 there were two scientists named Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey in Chicago who did an experiment in the laboratory to show how life could form in a primordial soup. They passed electrical sparks(60,000 volts)through a glass housing containing Methane, Water Vapor, Hydrogen, and ammonia-NO OXYGEN. There was a trap to collect the results, and all kinds of precautions. After about a week, the experimenters found that some simple amino acids had formed. Did they get the beginnings of life? Did they prove that the spontaneous generation of life from life was possible? Let's check the results and see:.

Now let us examine the whole idea in a nutshell. If the experimenters had to use specially selected(by themselves) chemicals, which they themselves figured out using intelligence, if they used handmade glass parts requiring intelligence, controlled sparks over a long period of time, a special tool to take the results immediately away and preserve them, and still they only got something that was not even a mere shadow of a protein, or even something usable, can we safely assume that this can happen in nature without controls, laboratories, in the face of a killer sun?

In saying that the generation of life by chance does not require intelligence, are they not saying that they themselves have no intelligence?

Using all of this intelligence to prove that it does not require intelligence is not very intelligent!

IS EVOLUTION EVEN POSSIBLE?

1. The odds of a 200 part system coming together by chance.

First of all, a 200 part system is impossibly simple compared to the real world. This is only because the numbers would be even more difficult to demonstrate. Besides, the 200 part system is sufficient to show the impossibiblity of Evolution occurring.

This is not even enough time to try one complete set of attempts. Don't forget that you can have no errors in the code at all. If it's a-2-j-7-m-o-d-1-9-........exactly, then that is exactly what is required.

But the problem becomes worse as you only have a short time in which to do this as the second law of thermodynamics is working against you.

There is an old saying in science, that says:

"WHATEVER CHANCE CREATES, IT ALMOST INSTANTANEOUSLY ANNIHILATES."

Here is another example with amino acids, and proteins. This one is given by Christopher Wills in Wisdom Of The Genes, p.240-242:

If you trained monkeys(that's right-monkeys) to use protein-making machines, and they could EACH produce a 347 part protein in one hour.But the order of the proteins it is incapable of organizing. This is the chance. The same machine is capable of randomly inserting any amino acid at any time and at any place along the chain. Then suppose that you had enough monkeys to fill the universe, each monkey and his machine taking up about 10 cubic meters of space. Judging by the present known size of the universe, the size can be estimated to be around 10^33 light years. Being able to fit 10^38 cubicles(monkey, machine and all) in each light year.

To recap, you need something 347 parts long, exactly in the correct order, with 20 different type parts to choose for each of the 347 places. In other words, for EACH spot on the chain you have twenty chances, or symbols to choose from, but only ONE is correct. Also, the try is random, not specific at all. Any symbol could come out at any time. What would be the chance of the monkey and the machine producing a protein known as dehydrogenase?

THERE IS ONLY ONE CHANCE IN:

20 X 20 X 20 X 20 X 20....347 TIMES, OR....

1 in 20347 which is the same as 10444.

The amount of monkeys able to fit into the known universe is:

1033 X 1038 OR 1071 CUBICLES.

Remembering that they will have to get it right the very first time, what are their chances for success??

10444 - 1071 = 10373

Written out, that is:

One single chance for getting it exactly right, first time, in

10, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000!

Assuming that the average of 10444 times is giving them only one chance each, let's say that they attempt fifty chances each, including mistakes, before getting it right(which is generous and of course, not reality at all).

The number of tries would give them a total time of 10369 years before they would even ever get it right. The postulated age of the universe is only around 2 X 1010 years, so the universe would be long dead (not to mention the monkeys!) before they could ever make the correct one at all.

Sir Fred Hoyle calculated the odds of all of the enzymes for the most primitive of cells would be conservatively at 2,000. For one to come together by chance , with it's appropriate active site(correctly shaped surface area-all important in enzyme work): 1 in 1020.

He calculates the odds for this occurring as being the same as a blindfolded person doing the Rubik's cube.

This being the case, the odds of them being produced by chance goes something like this:

ODDS OF THE SINGLE ENZYME 1 IN 10 15 COMING TOGETHER BY CHANCE

ODDS OF APPROPRIATE ACTIVE SITE X 1 IN 10 5 1 IN 10 20

ODDS OF 2000 ENZYMES 1 IN 102,000

Soooo.....

The late Dr. A. E. Wilder-Smith, with three earned Phds, says that the odds are similar to dropping as many letters for his monogram(AEWS) as you want out of the window of an airplane which is flying at a very low altitude and getting them to land on the roof of his house the first time in the correct order. He argues that this is rationalized by evolutionists by saying that you can give the whole process more time and surely it is inevitable. So he says, "let's fly higher!" The chances are now even worse, for he says that the letters would now spread even further out and away from the house! Fly even higher, and the letters he says would spread all over England, with none landing anywhere near his house!

2. How Small Is This Number?

Mathemeticians agree that up to 1 in 10^50 is considered impossible. You can see the faith required to believe that something so much smaller than an impossible number is declared SCIENCE, while any idea of a Creator or designer being responsible is considered religious.

3. 30 BILLION YEARS IS 10^18 SECONDS

Compare 10375 To 1018.

Does this sound reasonable?

Besides, a 200 part system is impossibly simple.

This is a quote from Fred Hoyle, in "The Big Bang in Astronomy", New Scientist 92(Nov. 19, 1981):526.

"I don't know how long it is going to be before astronomers generally recognize that the combinatorial arrangement of not even one among the many thousands of biopolymers on which life depends could have been arrived at by natural processes here on the earth. Astronomers will have a little difficulty at understanding this because they will be assured by biologists that this is not so, the biologists in turn having been assured in their turn by others that this is not so. The "others" are a group of persons who believe, quite openly, in mathematical miracles. They advocate the belief that tucked away in nature, outside of normal physics, there is a law which performs miracles(provided the miracles are in the aid of biology). This curious situation sits oddly on a profession that for long has been dedicated to coming up with logical explanations of biblical miracles.... It is quite otherwise, however, with the modern mathematical miracle workers, who are always found living in the twilight fringes of thermodynamics."

Dr. Larry Butler, Professor of Biochemistry at Purdue University, likes to give this challenge to his students:

 "Assume any primordial soup you wish, with all the organic chemicals you specify-enzymes, nucleic acids, sugars, or whatever you like, as long as they are not living. The mixture must be sterile, of course, to prevent bacterial contamination. Assume also any kind of atmosphere you wish, including any compounds known to be present anywhere in the known solar system. Then assume any kind of energy you wish-electrical sparks, heat, ultraviolet light, or any known form of energy. Now show, either analytically or experimentally, that a truly living organism will arise out of this set of materials." To date, not one person has stepped forward to accept this challenge.

4. How Many Words Have Ever Been Published?

AVERAGE NUMBER OF WORDS PER PAGE 500
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PAGES PER BOOK500
AVERAGE NUMBER OF COPIES PRINTED OF EACH BOOK10,000
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BOOKS PUBLISHED PER YEAR10,000,000
TOTAL NUMBER OF YEARS DURING X WHICH BOOKS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED4,000
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 OR 1020 WORDS EVER PUBLISHED

6. Can Aluminum Fly?

Henry Morris gives this illustration in his book......

  • Look at an airplane.Take off the wings.

Do they fly? No

  • The seats don't fly.
    The pilot doesn't fly.
    The wheels don't fly.
    The wood, aluminum, glass, plastic and metal do not fly.

What makes it fly?

The engineers, assemblers, make it fly. The aluminum can't fly by itself, but if you stretch it out and precisely design and shape it, attached to a perfectly designed aircraft(complete), then and only then it will fly.

The same logic should be applied to living systems, which are much more complex than any aircraft.

MUTATIONS

1. What Is A Mutation?

A change in a gene is called a mutation. The information on a gene is now different. So the descendant is now "slightly" different. The key word is "slightly". It is still the same organism.

2. Are They Harmful?

, "In 1800, experiments were begun in France to increase the sugar content of table beets, which at that time amounted to 6%. By 1878, the sugar content had reached 17%. Further selection failed to increase the sugar content above that figure. The information for a 17% sugar content was already written into the code of the beets, with a limit as to how much was to be the limit. More information did not just suddenly appear from nowhere in the beets. It had to be bred to be brought out."

-Dr. Duane Gish, Challenge Of The Fossil Record, p. 33-34.

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

MUTATIONS

THE REAL WORLD

99.99% OF THE TIME YOU GET THE BOTTOM RESULTS. THE OTHER TIMES YOU GET SOMETHING THAT IS LESS DEADLY, HARMFUL, OR NEUTRAL. YOU WILL NOT GET SOMETHING THAT IN ANY WAY, SHAPE, OR FORM, DENOTES MACROEVOLUTION. Julian Huxley, The grandson of Thomas Huxley, "Darwin's Bulldog", and an outspoken enemy of Creationists:

"A proportion of favorable mutations of one in a thousand does not sound much, but is probably generous....And a total of a million mutational steps sounds a great deal but is probably an understatement..... However, let us take these figures as being reasonable estimates. With this proportion, but without any selection, we should clearly have to breed a million strains(a thousand squared) to get one containing two favorable mutations; and so on, up to a thousand to the millionth power to get one containing a million. Of course, this could not happen, but it is a useful way of visualizing the fantastic oddsagainst getting a number of favorable mutations in one strain through pure chance alone. A thousand to the millionth power, when written out, becomes the figure one with three million noughts after it; and that would take three large volumes of about 500 pages each, just to print!...No one would bet on anything so improbable happening. And yet it has happened! It has happened, thanks to the working of natural selection and the properties of living substance which make natural selection inevitable!"

-Julian Huxley, Evolution in Action(New York: Harper and Brothers Co., 1953)p.41.

Let's examine his statements.

3. Gene Pool Expansion

With inbreeding, you get less information in the pool of genes, not more.

4. Variation Within Types As Opposed To Between Types

The Creation model predicts horizontal variation, and the Evolution model predicts vertical variation between types. What we always see in nature and, of course, in the fossil record, is horizontal variation-within types.

5. Carolus Linnaeus And The Stealing Of K,P,C,O,F,G,S

6. Natural Selection And Natural Change

  • Henry Morris of the Institute For Creation Research was asked one time if he believed in change. He said he had some in his pocket.
  • Natural Selection is often confused with Evolution and is propounded by the Evolutionists to be the main factor in Evolutionary change.
  • The problem is that the words denote that you must have something to select from. You cannot select from something that doesn't exist, and you can't have something that already exists be called something that evolved to it's present state. It's not new, it's selected from pre-existing individuals.

    7. Exceptions To Entropy?

    Evolutionists like to bypass the second law of thermodynamics in various ways. The following are a few of the ways that they have tried

    A. It Is Not Applicable To Living Systems

    Evolutionary scientists reason that, since we see things growing, the second law is being bypassed. Since the complexity of an organism seems to increase during it's life, they reason that the second law is being bypassed. This is not correct. First off, all of the information to make the organism is present the whole time. It just has to be used up to make the organism. Then you always wind up with less information.Besides, all organisms eventually reach a peak in development and start to break down. All organisms die.

    NOTE: The best or most highly evolved organism would be one that doesn't die. If Evolution is true, and the struggle is always a push upward, why has not just such an organism evolved yet?

    B. Second Law Not Operating In Past

    Then the present is not the key to the past. Period.

    C. Exceptions Possible

    The chances of this happening are the same as a monkey or group of monkeys sitting down at a typewriter and typing out the entire works of Shakespeare first try with no errors 15 million times!

    D. Doesn't Apply To Other Parts Of Universe

    The only problem with this is that the place in which we live is called a UNI-verse and not a DI-verse. Besides, there is no evidence of this anywhere in the universe. We have always seen the same law being applied any place we have looked.

    E. Doesn't Apply To Open Systems

    The argument goes something like this: Since the earth is constantly being bombarded by energy from the sun, the earth can produce reversals in entropy. The idea is good but the problem is not the amount of energy, but rather the program or machine necessary to convert the available energy into workable, usable energy.The amount or type of energy is irrelevant. It's the CONVERSION that counts.

    Suppose you had an automobile and it did not go. You poured gasoline in it. Still it sat. You called some guys with a truck full of fuel. They poured gasoline in the tank, much more than you did. Still it did nothing, not even a sound. You look under the hood, and VOILA! NO ENGINE! You see it is not the amount of fuel that is the problem, but rather the fuel conversion system, and the transmission, and the axles, the wheels, etc.

    A plant lacking a photosynthetic ability is soon dead, no matter how much radiation of whatever type of energy you want to throw at it.

    TRAITS

    1. What Is A Trait?

    A trait is a characteristic of a particular organism.

    2. How Can So Many Come All At Once?

    3. AaBb? Say What?

    The genetic code is programmed precisely enough that you can be assured of traits when breeding. The process is not nearly random enough to get whatever you want. By this I mean that you will always get the same organism, albeit a variety.

    4. Fruit Flies?

    Theodosius Dobzhansky irradiated thousands of generations of Drosophila fruit flies. To this day the result has always been some sort of FRUIT FLY. Never was a different type of insect such as a spider, ant, praying mantis, etc. produced.

    5. Pigeon Rocks?

    TRAITS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

    1. How Many Examples Of Creation Are There?

    2. Platypus

    Where Did It Come From?

    3. Bombardier Beetle

    4. Woodpecker

    5. Great White Shark

    6. Anemone-Eating Sea Slug

    7. The Bald Eagle

    A Scientific Analysis Of Genesis, By Dr. Edward F. Blick, p. 5:

    A scientific study was conducted by students at the University Of Oklahoma with eagles. The study, done in a wind tunnel, showed that the upward-curved slotted-tip feathers reduce the drag so much that they can soartremendous distances in air currents without flapping their wings, thus:

    "But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not grow weary; and they shall walk and not faint"

    -Isiah 40:31

    8. Bolas Spiders

    This is a spider which makes a web and balls it together to form a ball. It uses this ball as a sticky glob to catch insects. It waits for an unsuspecting insect to fly close enough to catch, then it swings the glob at the insect and, no matter the size, the prey sticks to the glob like glue. The timing alone is so crucial to catch a flying insect that it seems impossible that it would have evolved over long periods of time. It has to remake the glob every half hour or so, probably because the glob dries out. How does the spider get enough moths, etc. to fly by?

    Scientists don't know, but they suspect that the spider releases a scent or hormone to attract the prey(common among insects).The gradual Evolution of such a device as a total mystery to any Evolutionist. There is no partial step that would function enough to assist the spider in surviving.

    In fact, all spiders have to premix the substance for making a web. The apparatus to dispense the web is extremely complex, consisting of several nozzles looking sort of like a shower massage head. If the spider mixes too little, no web. If it mixes too much, a bad web.
    How does the spider know beforehand how much to make?

    9. "Rock" Crabs-literally!

    There is a crab which puts a stone on it's back for the sole purpose of balance. No stone-no balance. When the stone falls off, the crab is no longer level. It "knows"this and replaces the stone. How does the crab "know" it is not level? What would make a crab pick up a stone and install it on it's back to balance? What did the crab do before the stone? No satisfactory Evolutionary answer could explain this strange behavior

    10. What A Lunch!

    There is a certain planaria, or flatworm, called a microstomum.

    The rest is history.

    11. The Eye

    Charles Darwin wrote in his ever popular On The Origin Of Species:

    "To suppose that the eye, with all it's inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree."
    - Charles Darwin, On The Origin Of Species,New York: Avenel Books, 1979 p.217 (Chapter 6, "Difficulties on Theory", First Edition 1859).

    VARIOUS EYES:

    In addition to the bug detector, the frog also has protection devices built-in. There is an "edge detector" for recognizing the shapes of lily pads, flowers, the pond shore, etc. There are event detectors, which detect movement so as to protect the frog from danger as well as to prevent it from eating dead bugs. (You ca not feed a frog dead bugs by the way- they will starve to death surrounded by the most lovely assortment of fresh but dead bugs you can find. There are "dimming" detectors, which take over as the brightness changes suddenly, as when a bird flies overhead and casts it's deadly shadow. All of these nerve cells, about 500,000 or so, are contained in the optic nerve. Almost all are for the "bug" and "event" detectors, the rest are for the "edge" or "dimming" detectors.

    If our Air Force had to design something of this nature as a defense system for pilots or ground defense or any defense application, the cost to design it would be enormous, not to mention the task itself - IF it could be done at all. Engineers would have to spend years in making prototypes and production tests.

    Why do some scientists think that this system could arise by chance? It can not work with half of it's components, as no system of search and destroy or protection can. All of the component parts have to work perfectly the first time or it's no go. There is no future in being a dead frog!

    12. The Human Brain