Before advancing further, I would like to define a few terms. The first is UNIFORMITARIANISM. All that this means is that all processes in nature have gone in the manner and at the rate that it is going on today(amount of dust falling on earth from space, amount of salt flowing into oceans from rivers, amount of sediment build-up, decay rates of elements, etc.) According to the theory of Evolution, this is kind of a law. The uniformitarian principle can simply be stated this way:

By the way, the idea of Uniformitarianism was predicted by God in the Second Letter of Peter, Chapter 3, verses 3-4:

The second term is the term CATASTROPHISM. This implies that the past was quite different than today, and was marked by a great worldwide flood. This flood laid down all of the geologic deposits of the earth in rapid succession, virtually non-stop. There are also Planetary Catastrophists who believe that the geology of the earth reflects a series of periodic collisions from planets, comets, and the space debris. But, for the sake of this course, this side of catastrophism will be included under the CATASTROPHISM umbrella. Besides, it is neither biblical, nor scientifically legitimate.

GEOLOGY

The Formation Of The Earth

First off, the idea that a gas cloud will condense is a defiance of the laws of physics. Smoke from a cigarette will dissipate into the atmosphere and fill the room end to end without stopping until complete. It will not ever condense to form a little smoke ball, though non-smokers would like to see this! This has never been demonstrated in a laboratory as possible.

Second, the idea about the radioactivity from the distant stars is without merit as it has never been shown that this has happened or that it is even possible to get the amount necessary to raise the temperature of a gas cloud or a condensing ball(which was above shown already to be defying the laws of physics).

Third, the radioactive materials have only found to be on the outside of the earth, not on the inside, a prediction from this theory.

Fourth, a consideration has not been made for the probability of heat loss. Does the heat enter a gas cloud, condensing and being bombarded from outer space with radioactive particles, and not cool off at a rate equal to the rate at which it is entering? There is no insulation available to prevent this from happening, according to the theory. This happens later from volcanic activity, as mentioned earlier.

Fifth, the atmosphere is presumed to originate at this time from the gasses exuded out of volcanoes, gas clouds condensing.

There is a problem here in that there is no source for the amount of oxygen now present in the atmosphere. This is an enigma as the concept of "the present is the key to the past" says that this amount was nearly con stant throughout earth's history. Soooo.... it is FURTHER postulated that algae is the source of the oxygen-through photosynthesis.

Dr. Robert Gentry is one of this country's greatest physicists. While drilling cores into the earth way down to the basement granite, he discovered various types of Polonium halos.

Polonium comes from the decay of Uranium and the half life for the various types of Polonium varies. The uranium gives off two particles-Alpha and Beta. The Alpha is helium atom with no electrons and the Beta is an electron.

What these do when they decay is they leave a spherical burn mark in the rock, called a halo. The half life of a substance is the period of time required for half of the amount to change into another substance. For instance, if you had a pound of a substance "A" with a half life of ten years, after ten years you would have five pounds of the original substance "A" and five pounds of a new substance "B" into which it decays. Another ten years and you would have half of the remaining half pound of "A" turned or decayed into the new substance "B". The ratio now will be one quarter pound of "A" to three quarter pounds of "B". Continuing on another ten years reveals one eighth pound of "A" is left while seven eighth pounds of "B" is present.

Also, the longer the half-life of the substance, the smaller the radius of the halo, the shorter the half-life, the further away from the center the halo is manifested. This is a general rule and there are exceptions.

The decay rates of Polonium are well known and are very accurate for today, although the decay rate for the past would be unknown. And yet, the evolution model predicts that the rate is the same today as in the past. So any counter argument from the evolutionists regarding the decay rate(ie. it is slowing down) goes against the theory of evolution.

In one case polonium was found with no uranium. The significance of this is that the Uranium is the source!

The evolutionists argued that the uranium would be found nearby and would be determined to be the source of the halos, but this was found not to be the case.

Another thing that Dr. Gentry discovered is that there were lead and helium found in the zircon that they dug up. The fact that there were these two elements is no big deal, however, the problem was that these elements were found in the exact same concentration down deep in the ground as up at the surface. This is significant in that since these elements cool at a lower temperature, they should have been the last tocool during the earth's cooling process and therefore should have mostly if not all migrated to the surface, as is common today in volcanic eruptions.

Plate Tectonics

There is a theory about the continents of the earth concerning their postulated movements toward and away from each other as well as the fit of their edges together-much like a puzzle.

This theory is called the theory of Plate Tectonics. Once again it is a theory treated in textbooks as a fact. Upon initial inspection one might easily conclude that this is more of a law than a theory, but, as usual, the idea has it's problems just like the Big Bang, the Nebular Hypothesis, The Steady State Theory, etc.

First, let us look at the idea in a nut shell. There are considered to be 12 plates which fit like a puzzle around the Globe. These plates are believed to have in such a position in the distant past(200 million to 250 million years ago) as to put all of the continents together to form one large land mass called Pangaea. Some of these plates seem to be separating, or diverging, and others seem to be coming together, or diverging.

For instance, the Pacific Ocean seems to be shrinking while the Atlantic seems to be expanding.

1620: The history of plate tectonics started off with Francis Bacon. Later the idea was continued with a man named Snyder in the 1800's. Edward Zeuss carried the idea forward into the twentieth century, while Alfred Wegener is said to have at first shocked and then later enlightened the geologic community with his theories. Mr. Wegener was a meteorologist and he saw that there were very similar layers on many different continents around the world, seemingly in the same basic order.

In other words, the "ages" of the geologic column-to bediscussed later-were the same around the world. In Wegener's mind, the continents all had the same origin and touched in the DISTANT PAST. For instance, "tillite", or glacial deposits, were the same in South America, South Africa, and Antarctica. He also saw "scour" lines from the different continents that lined up in a perfect match.

1928: Arthur Holmes proposed the idea that during this process wherein one plate was subducting under another, convections or "heat and cold currents" were set up in the crust.

In the 1960's Harry Hess gave us the sea floor spreading concept that is populartoday. He proposed that divergent junctions were caused by magma coming out at the surface. The junctions of these plates have three different geological names-divergentjunction, convergent junction, and Transform Faults.

At the DIVERGENT JUNCTION there is volcanic activity in the form of a lava flow out to the surface and away from this point, downward on a slope, pulled by gravity. It is postulated that this lava forces the plates apart.

The characteristics of a divergent junction are earthquakes, vulcanism(obviously) and sea floor spreading(not so obvious).

The characteristics of a DIVERGENT JUNCTION are:

First-what is termed a SUBDUCTION area. This is where the oceanic crust, made mostly of denser basalt(4), slides under the less dense, granitic(density 2.3) continental crust.

This section of crust then goes back down whence it came to the center of the earth to be remelted, only to return to the surface.

The part that stays and is scraped over the top is turned into mountains of sedimentary and metamorphic rock.

Second, the contact point of a convergent junction is continents banging together.

Third, there is mountain building from the crust bending, folding,etc.

Fourth, there trenches or deep cracks in the crust.

Fifth, there are both shallow AND deep earthquakes occurring in the area regularly. The shallow ones occur at the mid oceanic ridge, and the deep ones tending to occur at the plate boundaries. Sixth, there seems to be a lot of metamorphic rock at the junction of the two crusts. This may be from the tremendous heat caused from friction. The Himalayan mountain range would come under this category.

Lastly, there are TRANSFORM FAULTS. The San Andreas Fault is but one example of this.

There are many problems with the plate tectonic theory, but few students of geology are ever exposed to them. The handling of the data for this theory is handled much in the same way as dating methods, fossil man, etc. To speak out against this theory is to instantly be labeled a "heretic". This form of intimidation is very common in scientific circles today, as the Creation-Evolution controversy will attest.

• First off, there is an area of the ocean off the coast of Iceland where a Pre-Cambrian rock(over 540,000,000 years) formation of 200,000 km is sitting there isolated and completely surrounded by rocks "known" to be 200,000,000 years.
• Second, there is an area in North America where the Pacific Northwest seems to be a divergent junction, while California has a transform fault. Right next to it! Which way is the plate moving? Is it confused?
• Third, there is mountain building from the crust bending, folding,etc.
• Fourth, there trenches or deep cracks in the crust.
• Fifth, there are both shallow AND deep earthquakes occurring in the area regularly. he shallow occur at the mid oceanic ridge, and the deep ones tending to occur at the plate boundaries.
• Sixth, there seems to be a lot of metamorphic rock at the junction of the two crusts. This may be from the tremendous heat caused from friction.

In fact, the notion of the fossil fish and shells in the Siwalik Hills and the rest of the Himalayas being the result of a worldwide hydraulic catastrophe, as described in Genesis chapters 6-8, better known as the Flood of Noah, has been replaced with the notion of their being placed there by plate tectonics.

Grand Canyon/Mt. Saint Helens Comparison

• 600 feet of deposit.
• Miniature Grand Canyon.
• Floating log mats.
• Future petrified forest?
• Catastrophe of highest proportions.

All Rocks In All Layers

• Known for over 100 years.
• All metals in all ages.
• Coal, oil in all ages.
• All minerals in all ages.
• All types of geologic structures.
• Once thought that different types were in different layers.
• No Evolutionary geologist thinks so today.

• Granites,basalts,lava,etc.
• Cool inside(intrusives), outside(extrusives).
• Cool and harden FAST.
• Sill-A sill is a thin sheet of igneous rock.
• Dike-a dike is a thick of igneous rock sheet that crosses another rock.
• Batholith-melted rock that invades other rock at great depth.
• The sizes range from fraction of inch to thousands of feet thick.
• The lengths range up to thousands of miles. But....

With all the volcanoes on the earth, nothing in the supposed 4.5 billion year history of the earth could account for this lack of volcanic material. A certain Carl Fries estimated that the flow of Lava from the Paracutin Volcano in Mexico was about .2 Cubic Kilometers. There are an average of 12 volcanoes a year erupting. 12 X .2 = 2.4 cubic kilometers.

You see, the amount of igneous rock on the earths surface produced each year is about 10 cubic kilometers. The total amount on the earth is about 5 x 10^9 Cu. Kilometers. The time required to produce that volum e is about 500 million years. But the Evolutionists insist that the earth is about 4 billion years old. Calculated by Carl Fries, Jr., " Volume and weights of Pyroclastic Material, Lava and water erupted by Paracutin Volcano ", Transactions , American Geophysical Union, Vol. 34(August 1953). p. 611.

So here is the problem: If "The present is the key to the Past", as the Evolutionist insists, then the same rate would be applied to the past . This sort of puts an upper limit on the age of the earth, way below the supposed Evolutionary age. However, if they say that maybe there was less volcanic activity in the past, then they are going against their principle of Uniformitarianism. A two-edged sword.

Metamorphic Rocks

• From sedimentary rocks(limestone to marble).
• Process not really understood because.....
• Not taking place today.
• May be called "granitization".
• Need tremendous heat, process not happening today.
• Dr. Robert Gentry-Po halos.

Sedimentary Rocks

• Cover most of earth.
• Contain the fossil record of past.
• Uniformitarianism says they are being formed today, and if Evolution is true they must be.
• Problem is they are not being formed today.
• More examples than the following, but these are most important.

• Rocks, boulders,sand,pebbles.
• Need fast-moving flood waters to create these.
• Cover large areas=large floods.
• Shinarup Conglomerate (Colorado)=125,000 sq. mi.
• Also evidence of large formation from Alberta, Canada to New Mexico, Utah to Kansas.(Boulders of limestone,granite,silt)
• No process by which they are being formed today.

• Also called siltstone, mudstone.
• Had them in Connecticut.
• Silt, clay.
• Are present in geologic column, and have fossils.
• Need cement, water clay or silt to create.
• Not normal and not being formed today.
• On top of sandstones (Last to dry in a flood).

• Mostly of silica(SiO2).
• Not occurring today. Found over wide areas.
• Best guess is water formation.

Sandstone

• Sand on beach, river shores.
• Need cement to form.
• Cement or concrete is good example
• Contain fossils
• Malibu, Playa del Rey(erosion:not more,but less).

Limestones And Dolomites

• Dolostones=CaMg(CO3)2.
• Named after Deodot de Dolomieu, 18th Century geologist.
• Comes in grey, pink, white.
• Used in furnaces, construction, ceramics, fertilizer.
• "Dolomites" is a section of the Italian area of the Alps
• Limestone same-without Mg(CaCO3).
• Used as cement,construction.
• Coral reefs have calcium carbonate.
• Tires used to build them in few years, thus showing short time for formation, otherwise why try building a reef?

Evaporites

• Salts,Gypsum,Anhydrite(calcium sulphate).
• Salt domes-usually near petroleum deposits.
• Some Are 1000 ft.to 2 mi. diameter.
• 3000 ft. thick in U.S.
• Maybe 15,000-20,000 ft. thick in Europe.
• No real explanation for big ones.
• Dead Sea evaporates 120 in./yr.
• Evolutionary explanation says:long time evaporation of water.
• Creationism says:formed at Creation by volcanism, etc.
• Some are intrusives:come from inside earth.
• Some are tectonically formed.
• Salt domes and big salt flats not fitting of uniformitarianism.
• Order of deposits not as though sea drying up-shown by laboratory experiments.These beds are unique.
• Whole process is complex and not appearing to be happening today, except in small way.
• Catastrophism and Creationism are better explanation.

• Evolutionists say long time periods of time are required to form these.
• Core samples taken reveal freshwater animals(60 types) 2 miles down and ironically,over a half-mile up a submarine hill.
• Also ripple marks (distinct) found at 6000 feet down.

Either of only two explanations by science:

1. Moved there by water.
2. Continent with lakes sank- crazy, since only freshwater animals are found in cores, where are land animals from continent?

Coal, Oil, Natural Gas-High Pressure COAL

• Big deposits of dead plants. Only they can decompose carbonic acid.
• Supposedly over millions of years, but........
• Not being formed today.
• Can be multiple layers.
• Found with limestone, sandstone and shale.
• We have peat bogs being formed today, but no coal seams, therefore indicating unique circumstances.
• Polystrate tree trunks in various places on earth. (some 38 feet tall).
• Coal skull in Museum in Freiberg, Germany is made of coal. said to be composed of brown coal, manganiferous and phosphatic limonite.Tertiary in "age". Gold chains, other artifacts also found.
• Fossil trees at angle-very significant! Some even upside down!
• Marine fossils- tubeworms, mollusks, sponges, corals.
• Boulders also found in seams.

OIL

• Wood, plants have been converted in lab in several hours.
• Oil is mostly marine organisms(crustaceans, maybe fish)
• Origin unknown by geologists in that uniformitarianism doesn't account for it.
• Not being formed today.
• Formed in lab in twenty minutes using garbage.
• Found in all layers except....Not in pleistocene deposits.
• Rapid death, burial is best guess.

• Temperature and pressure required to make. Found worldwide.
• Oil pressure 10,000 years is upper limit for age, as capstones would let pressure out.
• Natural gas-same origin as oil, but not understood very well. As you may note, the ability to make methane from corn, pig and cow manure, and other vegetable matter is now widely done-in a short time. But if Uniformitarianism is true, then why does it not take millions of years to happen? Methanol(or gasohol) is used in many cars today,as well as municipal busses, and government vehicles.

Metals

• No explanation of origin in uniformitarianism.
• Seem to all be from igneous rock which cools quickly and forms quickly.
• Not being formed today.
• Creationism doesn't have the perfect answer either as to origin(geologically speaking) but has less problems in explaining(includes a Creator!).

• Same as moon dust(should be 185 feet)
• Nickel content is 2.5% This is 300 times as great as earth's crust(very distinct).
• Earth's crust should be about 100 miles! (only 12)
• Calculation is only based on age of 5,000,000,000 years.
• Rivers carry .75 billion pounds/year worldwide.
• 7000 billion pounds in ocean=age of 9,000 years.
• Not shown that it precipitates out in ocean or to atmosphere.
• If it were precipitating on ocean floor, there would be 960 pounds on every square foot of ocean floor. Uniformitarianism does not account for lack of these chemicals, as precipitation is not reason.
• Only solution is that seas are not as old as thought.

• Uranium decay produces Helium 4.
• Come from underground to crust and escape through rocks to atmosphere.
• Should be about 10^20 grams in atmosphere. (Melvin A. Cook- "Where is the Radiogenic Helium"- Nature, Vol.179, Jan. 26,1957 P. 213)
• At present is 3.5 x 10^15 grams.
• At rate of input, age is calculated at 175,000 years maximum.(Henry Faul, Nuclear Geology(New York:John Wiley,1954).
• Faster rate of influx, age would be in only thousands of years. Evolutionists said it was escaping to space, but research showed that it was entering from space, via corona of the sun.

Of Chemicals And Rivers

Many chemicals have been calculated:

So what's the point?(What is Creation Science in back) All these calculations show young earth. Actually, most do. Virtually none of the ages based on this type of information show an age acceptable to evolutionists. But, they are based on uniformitarianism. Only logical conclusions are that "Present is not key to past", or earth is young. Both support Creationism.

FOSSILS

What They Are

• Remains of dead plants, animals in rock deposits.
• Can be also footprints, impressions, casts, tail marks, coprolites,gizzard stones,eggs,stomach contents, fish odors, epidermal hairs in plants, mud cracks, amino acids, proteins, etc.
• 95% of all fossils are of marine creatures. Most of the rest are of plants. Those of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, dinosaurs, and man are very rare. This goes against the theory of Evolution.

One main process only, in which you must have all of the following:

1. Water
2. Dead animal
3. Mud, clay, sand
4. Cement

• Also can have fossils by ice, sap,tar etc.(rare)
• Has to happen immediately to prevent decay, especially aquatic animals and fish.
• Except for unique circumstances, not being formed today.

Fossilization Process

• Flesh, bones, shell, plants rot.
• Minerals leach in and replace.
• Chicken bones can be fossilized in 5-10 years
• Car key in display case in stone at I.C.R.

Geologic Column-or Geologic Time Table

The Geologic Column was invented by several men-from Great Britain, France, and Scotland. They traveled around and collected data on the layers they found. Then they compiled this into the present day Geologic Column. The Column has not really changed in 100 years, but the dates have. Every fifteen years the ages have doubled for the earth. It is supposedly the fossils of all ages throughout time.

The Problems Associated With The Geologic Column

• FOUND INVERTED OR MIXED.
• Existed and gave the theory of long ages a long time before the present dating systems came into effect. i.e. the idea of fishes 340,000,000 years ago has NOTHING WHATSOEVER to do with chemical dating at all.
• Pre-Cambrian-Igneous, crystalline rock, metamorphic, sedimentary rock, few if any fossils(Laurenian shield at Hudson Bay; Appalachian or eastern Protaxis; Selkirk or western Protaxis; Ontario; Newfoundland; Wisconsin; Minnesota.)
• Paleozoic Era-Made up of Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian Periods.
• Characterized by sedimentary rock, trilobites, insects, sponges, starfish, snails, fish, amphibians, etc.
• Mesozoic Era-Dinosaurs,"first" mammals, sedimentary rocks.
• Cenozoic Era-Mammoths, mastodons, mammals, man.

The Problems With The Geologic Column

• IT IS AN IDEA-NOT FACT! DOES NOT EXIST ANYWHERE ON THE EARTH IN THE ORDER PROPOSED.
• Grand Canyon-half represented as far as systems is concerned.(Silurian,Ordovician completely missing).
• It is sometimes found inverted or mixed.
• There are several places where it appears the 10 basic divisions are found in the "correct" evolutionary order. These would include an area in West Nepal, part of the Bolivian Andes, central Poland, and areas of Southwest Asia/Indonesia.
• However, in his paper, Woodmorappe does indicate some internal problems with each of these sites.
• John Woodmorappe's 1980 article is called, " The Essential Nonexistence of the Evolutionary--Uniformitarian Geologic Column: A Quantitative Assessment, "
• it contains no meteorites.
• Found nowhere on earth, or in oceans.
• Used as "proof" of Evolution to this day.

NOTE: There is a practice in paleontology wherein the same organism found in different layers is given different names. This is widespread and totally unscientific, according to Dr. Colin Patterson, in an interview w ith Luther Sunderland in Darwin's Enigma.(ED228 056).

Trilobites No Ancestors

• Main fossil in Cambrian rock.
• Not found in Pre-Cambrian.
• Appear fully formed.
• Sizes found range from one eighth of an inch to twenty eight inches long, averaging less than three.
• Eye made up of dozens of little tubes, precisely positioned at slightly different angles, covering the entire field of vision. Each tube points to a different point on horizon.
• On the end of each tube is a lens, precisely positioned and set into another layer which has to be just as precise if sight is possible. At the bottom is a complicated photo-receptor. The whole thing was protected by a cornea.
• Up to 770 of these have been counted for a single set in one trilobite.
• Other trilobites had eyes much like the crabs, raised on turrets like a modern military tank cannon. Still others had eyes that were capable of revolving around the head and almost touching in the back, giving a somewhat circular view for danger.
• The lenses themselves are masterpieces of design. Scientists once believed that the calcite crystals found in the eyes were somehow from the fossilization process. A certain Kenneth Towe of the Smithsonian Ins titu te discovered something even more bizarre to Evolutionists. The calcite crystals were precisely lined up so as to get a focused view of food or to watch out for predators, at a distance from only a few millimeters all the way to INFINITY!
• Calcite crystals have to be EXACTLY lined up because any other angle than the one needed will make the light bounce off the wall of the tube. NO VISION. And the whole thing is covered by a cornea!
• In fact, the scientists found that calcite was the only substance that could have been used to get this effect, and this shape or curve of the lens is exactly what is needed to work(for the purpose of spherical correction), and it had to be coupled with chitin to work.
• There's more! The substance chitin is also part of the package.
• This is the same material that invertebrate shells are made of. In fact, the eye is so perfectly designed that it can adjust for refractions and aberrations-things that optometrists have to go to school to learn about.

Did trilobites accidentally stumble onto this perfect design?
Did they somehow know about optics at a postulated time "billions" of years before man ever discovered it?

To achieve this marvel in engineering, the trilobite had to master three laws, principles of optics-Fermat's principle of optics, Abbe's Sine Law, and Snell's Law of refraction, plus the optics of birefringent(or double refractive) crystals-all of these without one single course in Optics! This course or courses would take an entire semester to teach.

These were all discovered in the era of modern science. Complex invertebrate already. So can't be a link with single-celled organisms.

Insect No Ancestors

• All insects look the same as today.
• All invertebrates have exoskeleton, vertebrates have endoskeleton.
• No transitional fossils ever found.
• Time would represent 100 million years!
• How many individuals living over that period and no transitional fossils-highly significant.
• This is the worst case for the Evolutionist and the best for the Creationist.

Not Used By Any Scientists As Proof Of Evolution

Fossils are often not brought up by the top Evolutionists in debates AS MUCH ANYMORE because of embarrassment from bankruptcy of the fossil record. Debaters today are more layperson-type than the full-blown book writing, lecturing, big time Evolutionist.

WHAT DO THE FOSSILS SAY?

No Transitional Forms

There are about 100 million fossils in our museums today. The argument made for a lack of fossils is completely false.
Write to any paleontological museum.
If they don't have them......
Ought to be billions of them after 130 years.
Francisco Ayala, a professor of biology at the University of California, Davis:

Also he concludes:

"Why don't we find these gradations in the fossil record, and why, instead of collecting thousands of identical individuals, do we not find more inte rmediary forms? To this Mr. Darwin replies that we have only a few incomplete pages in the great book of nature and the transitions have been in the pages which we lack. By why then, and by what peculiar rules of probability does it happen that the species we find most frequently and most abundantly in all the newly discovered beds are in the immense majority of the cases species which we already have in our collections?" D.L. Hull, (1973) Darwin and His Critics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., p.450.

All Animals Lived With Man

• Only reason to believe otherwise is the theory of Evolution.
• Fossils are laid out more appropriately in ecological zones rather than stages of Evolutionary development.
• Creation model allows for all forms of "misplaced" fossils.
• Geologic column does not allow for exceptions to itself.
• This is why scientists toss out these, hide them, or don't reveal the fact that they found them.
• Creationists never have to apologize or explain away fossils out of place.
• Why I say that every time a shovel hits the ground, another Evolutionist dies.

3. Frozen Mammoths

• Word believed from behemoth.
• 5,000,000 in Siberia.
• Trade in fossil tusks known since days of the Roman Empire. Mammoth trade was so prevalent that Aristotle even spoke of it.
• Dogs, wolves, other carnivorous animals, even man known to have eaten flesh.
• 1685, Jesuit traveler in Siberia speaks of an ivory much whiter than elephants from India. Animal was called "behemot".
• Tusks so numerous as to form islands.Kotelnoi-100 X 50 miles!
• Lachov island, Russia=50 sq.mi.
• Also in Alaska.
• Range was all of North America, Europe.
• Teeth caught in trawlers' nets off of Norway.
• Tusks found buried with humans, and carved with intricate shapes by "prehistoric man".
• One mammoth was found with an erection! This is a definite indication of rapid burial if ever there was one!
• Another was found to be so fresh that there was oxygen found in his blood.
• Another was found with 24 pounds of clearly discernable plant species in his stomach!
• He was found sitting up in position as though he was caught like that!
• In the mouth of one were found the buttercups he had eaten for lunch! In fact, the seeds of these and sedges, as well as grasses found indicate two things:

1. They died in the summer.
2. . They were flash frozen, as it has been shown that to prevent the stomach acids from beginning the digestion process requires an instantaneous drop in temperature of 150 degrees! In the middle of the summer!

4. Fossil Graveyards

• Largest category in fossils.
• Nearly the rule, not the exception.
• Found on all continents.
• Best book is The Flood by Alfred Rehwinkel.
• Agate Springs, Nebraska- Camels, Rhinoceros, Giant Wild Boar with about 9,000 complete animals in one single hill.
• Fissures that are 140 to 300 feet deep and are the graveyards of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, reindeer, horse, hogs, oxen. Filled up without closing, and appear to have been suddenly filled.Skeletons are all incomplete, so they didn't just fall in. Also, there is no sign of weathering or erosion on bones or gullies.Not deposited by action of streams, as there is no sign of rolling. They are usually found on top of hills of considerable height, as though the animals had fled there to escape a flood in panic. These types of gullies are called "ossiferous fissures."
• One is in Burgundy, France.1,030 feet up a hill and surrounded by plains,steep flanked sides. Fissure is on top, NO skeleton is complete, bones smashed, jumbled all up, with no signs of weathering,predator gnawing.
• Question: Do Wolves, bears, horses, oxen-predator and prey-go to the same place to die together?
• Cerigo, near Corfu, Greece.Deposit of all called "The Mountain of Bones". Near ocean, one mile in circumference and is composed of bones, top to bottom. The Animals all would not be found together, and all died there.(Howorth- The Mammoth And The Flood).

  Rock Of Gibraltar-300 foot deep fissures with animal bones as above. They are at three different altitudes and highest is 1,100 feet. Even man made tools have been reported found in one.

• Palermo, Sicily, in Italy. Cavern filled with hippopotamus bones, some so fresh as to be able to be carved. More than 20 tons were sold in first six months.Most were hippos, but also were deer, ox, elephant. No sign s of weathering, gnawing, and all jumbled up.
• Odessa, Russia-1847. 4,500 bones of bears, from maybe 100 individual bears, also type of cat, hyenas, boars, horses, mammoths, Rhinoceros, aurochses(cow or bison-like animal), deer, and rodents, hares, otters, martens wolves and foxes.These animals do not live together TODAY, and there is no indication that they did THEN.
• No explanation by Uniformitarianism.
• Brunswick, Germany. Tusks, teeth, bones heaped in diluvial loam(signifies flood). Eleven tusks 11 feet long, one tusk 14 feet long, eight inches, and 12 3/4 inches in diameter; thirty molars; bones 5-6 feet long; also of rhinoceros, horse, stag, ox, all jumbled together.
• Malta- Fissure containing birds, especially waterfowl, sharks' teeth, fish bones, frogs, two types freshwater turtle(1 1/2 to 2 feet high),lots of shells and many stones not indicative of the local geological formations.In the same fissures is also large blocks of stone 15 feet in circumference, with clear evidence of intense water action on the surface of them. Hydraulic, catastrophic deposition rapidly done is the only reasonable explanation. Agate Springs, Sioux County, Nebraska:(1876) Hill of 10 acres contains bones of rhinoceros, camel, giant wild boar, etc. "Buried together in a confused mass as only water would deposit them. 9,00 complete animals here. Probably at one time it was more extensive,so more animals than this died there.

On page 183: " this fact is very important...."

Life of a Fossil Hunter by Charles H. Sternberg tells of a Graveyard in western Kansas, in Logan County, where there are four huge formations The first is reddish and blue chalk, the second is black shale, ascending up to the third layer, which is mortar or limestone. The reddish and blue chalk has the abundant(very) remains of swimming lizards, Pteranodons, the toothed bird Hesperornis, Icthyornis, fish of all sizes to sixteen feet, large sea tortoises. The black shale contains the remains of countless dinosaurs. Above this, in the mortar beds, lie the remains of many short-legged rhinoceros, the large land turtle, small type mastodons, saber-toothed tigers, and a one and a half foot tall deer.

5. The Smell Of Burning Bone

Sometimes when paleontologists cut into a dinosaur bone, there is a smell of burning bone, indicating that the bone is not completely fossilized. After 65 million years!

6."There Were Giants In Those Days"

Giant human footprints have been found in "Cretaceous"Strata, in White Sands, New Mexico; near Mt. Whitney, California; in Arizona; in the Paluxy River bed in Glen Rose, Texas. Many are up to fifteen inches long and are not carved. The beds of these giants have been discovered in the Middle East. These beds are ten feet long. The tracks are indistinguishable from normal size footprints except for the size, and wouldn't be in question if they were not so large.

In stone.

Also human and dinosaur footprints in Paluxy River; Texas. One trail in Texas has the man walking in the dinosaur's tracks, and a child walking in the man's tracks. By themselves the prints would not be in question, but seeing as they are together.....

7. Water Marks Fossilized

Ripple marks have been fossilized on the top of stone formations. Denotes fast hardening and burial. Also raindrops.

8. Archeopteryx

• Most popular fossil used as proof of Evolution.
• All found in "150 million" year old Jurassic rocks in West Germany.
• Total to date is six found.
• No transitional fossils leading up to it.
• Feathers, wings, bill.
• Long, bony tail; claws on the wings; and teeth in the bill; lack of breastbone; backbones unfused.
• Feathers fully developed and like flying birds, and not like non-flying birds. Pelvic girdle like that of a flying bird, according to Evolutionists.
• Claws on wings are also present on the ostrich; the hoatzin of South America; the touraco of Africa.The Hoatzin has two claws in it's Juvenile stage, and is a poor flier. It also has a real small keel, as does Archeopteryx.
• The Ostrich has three claws on it's wings, making it more reptilian than the Archeopteryx, yet no Evolutionist would dare classify the ostrich as a missing link between birds and reptiles!
• The British Museum once had a display of nine birds having claws on the wings.
• There are birds alive on earth today with small breastbones.
• No living birds today have teeth, but many fossil birds have teeth, and some reptiles do not have teeth. This case is true with mammals, fish, and amphibians. But all fossils in this class are not considered as links as they exist in the present.
• Using this logic that the absence of teeth is a sign of advanced Evolution, the platypus and the spiny anteater are more highly evolved than man, since they do not possess teeth!
• Also, the teeth are not like the teeth of any known dinosaur.
• No living bird today has a bony tail, but all birds are distinct in some area.
• Recently, a modern bird was discovered in a layer supposedly 75 million years older than Archeopteryx. So Archeopteryx evolved from a modern bird?
• If this is all that the Evolutionists can brag about as being a forerunner to the birds, then this is really sad.
• Since this is the only "reptile- bird" fossil found, this has really been the fancy over time for the Evolutionists.
• Can you take any animal, stick feathers on it and make it fly?
• How about all the features necessary for flight?
• Incidentally, since the Evolutionists say that this bird evolved from a reptile, it is worthy to note that scales and feathers develop in an entirely different matter.
• Claims have been made that Archeopteryx was a poor flier, but the primary flight feathers are the same as today's birds.

WHAT DO THE EVOLUTIONISTS SAY?

L. du Nouy, Human Destiny , The New American Library, New York,1947, p.58:

Incidentally, he hates Creation Scientists.

W.E. Swinton, an expert on birds, in Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds , Vol. 1, A.J. Marshall, Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1960, p. 1:

A.S. Romer, Notes and Comments on Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press, 1968, p. 144:

9. The Dawn Horse-Backwards Evolution!

• This series is used to this day as the definitive series for "proof" of Evolution.
• The person responsible for the whole series was Professor Othniel Marsh.
• The series goes like this: First is (Hyracotherium), Eohippus, or" Dawn" Horse; Second is Mesohippus; Third is Merychippus; Fourth is Pliohippus; Fifth is Equus, or the "modern" horse.
• Found from lower to upper tertiary rock layers.
• The "Dawn" animal was about the size of a terrier with a short nose, browsing teeth, and seven toes(three in the rear, four in the front). This is found in lower Tertiary rock layers.
• Middle tertiary rocks show horses with longer noses and fewer toes.
• On and on it appears to go.
• One thing not freely revealed is the fact that the so-called "series" is assembled from fossils found in India, South America, North America, and Europe.
• All types appear suddenly, abruptly, rapidly in the fossil record with a total lack of transitional fossils between types.
• The first one is not even a horse! It is a meat-eating carnivore!
• Snout sizes vary between horses, dogs, etc. today as breeders will testify, yet they are still horses, dogs.
• Three-toed and one-toed varieties lived contemporaneously.
• The five toed Hyracotherium is not a complete skeleton. It was so named because the bones that were found resembled those of the hyrax, or coney, or daman, or rock badger. It was pictured as though it looked like a horse, when it didn't.
• No museum has a mounted skeleton, but your textbooks will not reveal this.
• The bones that they do have do not even resemble a horse, or come from a horse habitat, but paleontologist Marsh chose to put it in the horse family, along with Thomas Huxley, an Evolutionist of the highest order. It soon became accepted by the masses of scientists.
• The name Eohippus was given to it to fit it into the horse family, not because it fit.
• In South America, the series of three "horses" found goes like this: First is Thoatherium (Equus), second is Diadiaphorus(Merychippus), third is Macrauchenia(Eohippus).
• The toes of these go 1,2,3 not 3,2,1 in amount, according to the commonly portrayed series! This is based on the placement in the Geologic Column, the "oldest" having one-toed hooves.
• The thoatherium is apparently more "evolved" than the modern horse, Equus, as the splints(kind of like the thigh bone) of the leg are more reduced than the modern horses. No Evolutionist would dare say that our modern horse evolved from a horse of 13,000,000 years ago!
• Most of these animals are not even horses at all, as the evidence would show to an unbiased, objective observer.
• Modern horses have been bred as short as 17 inches tall by Argentine horse breeder Fallabella.
• All have either grazing or browsing teeth. There are no intermediates found.
• Take the Dik-Dik, the Gazelle, Gemsbuk, the Bushbuck, the Gnu(or Wildebeest), and the Eland. These all appear to be an Evolutionary series, but are they? Why not? What if there were a flood over the whole of Africa right now, wiping them all out and burying them? Would they all wind up on the same level? What would this prove? If all of these animals lived together right now, and there was a flood, would they all land in the same layer? Do all animals of any type live on the same layer?
• No series of the "Dawn" horse, start to finish, anywhere on earth, has ever been found. One cannot prove that the fossils are all of horses, and even if one could, this would not prove that they evolved from one another.
• The number of ribs goes up, down, then up again, as though the animals couldn't make up their minds. This is totally against the theory of Evolution and it offers no explanation from natural selection.
• For instance, the Eohippus had 18 pairs, the orohippus had only 15 pairs, then the Pliohippus had 19 pairs, then the Equus Scotti had 18 pairs.
• There are over 20 tree origins for the series. There ought to be some agreement on this.
• The series starts on this continent, moves to Europe, then returns again. Did the animals all swim to Europe, then back, without leaving any individuals behind?
• The supposed ancestors of the series is a group called the Condylarths.
• Two types of modern horse breeds(Equus nevadenis and Equus occidentalis) have been found in the same layer as Eohippus, the "oldest" supposed horse.

WHAT DO THE EVOLUTIONISTS SAY?

George Gaylord Simpson said in Life of the Past :

"Essentially functionless" indicates that this "vestigial" organ would have been naturally selected out, according to the Evolutionary theory.

G.A. Kerkut, Implications Of Evolution:

Looks like it could be a tapir or a rhinoceros, but it depends on where one wants to classify it.

David M. Raup, Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology:

This is true of all of the disciplines of science touched by Evolution.

David B. Kitts(School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma), "Paleontology and Evolutionary Theory," Evolution, Vol. 28, September 1974, p. 467:

This is another example of something being blown out of proportion. There is a fish in the fossil record called the Crossopterygian which has a face that looks like the face of a reptile or amphibian. The Evolutionists argue from this resemblance that it evolved from an amphibian in the fossil record called the icthyostegid.

The time involved with this type of change can not be exaggerated. Millions of years would have passed while the fins of the Crossopterygian would have become the legs of the Icthyostega. Yet, throughout all of this time, it left no evidence of this change in the fossil record. This is truly amazing.

Besides this, long before this supposed limb would have been a good leg, it would have been a bad fin, and the fish would have neither been able to swim properly nor walked. Perfect prey.

Also, in 1939, a specimen of the Crossopterygian fish was caught in Africa, 5,000 feet down. It is called Latimeria. The idea is this: did the fish not evolve for hundreds of millions of years while the amphibians did? Why? looks like the fossil Crossopterygian. Something is very wrong with the geologic column if this type of hypothesis is relied upon to predict data.

F.D. Ommanney, The Fishes , Life Nature Library, Time-Life, Inc., New York, 1964, p. 60:

"How this earliest chordate stock evolved, What stages of development it went through to eventually give rise to truly fish-like creatures, we do not know. Between the Cambrian when it probably originated, and the Ordovician when the first fossils of animals with fish-like characteristics appeared, there is a gap of perhaps 100 million years which we will probably never be able to fill."

Lastly, to make matters worse, the pelvic muscles, bones, and vertebrae are of a different type in the fish than the amphibians. Completely different.

NOTE: The walking catfish is another desperate reach of the Evolutionists at proving Evolution. They actually do not walk at all. They slither or swim on the ground-BUT THEY DO NOT WALK!

11. Insects-Same As Today, Hard To Fossilize

• Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Insecta Gigantism is very prevalent in the insect world. Some dragonflies had 2-3 foot wingspans, cockroaches were up to 4 inches, RAID cans of 5 feet are not uncommon(Ha!Ha!).
• Insects have been trapped in amber, which is hardened sap.
• Insects are very hard to preserve, as you know from the flies that die between the window and the screen of the house. It doesn't take long before it is lightweight and blows away as soon as you open the window.

I REST MY CASE- CREATION IS THE BETTER EXPLANATION!

• Flying insects from non-flying insects: No fossils of any type, anywhere showing development of wings in non-flying insects. This is also very devastating to the theory of evolution as there is no fossil record of any flight development in any organism. Flight is complex and involves more than just wings. Even if there were insects with half-wings, these would be considered useless and the theory is that natural selection would "cull" these out so as to preserve the species.
• There are even two types of distinct flying wings. The Paleoptera keep the wings on top at rest,like the magflies and dragonflies; and the Neoptera, which fold theirs at the back.
• NO transitional fossils have ever been found.

12. Once A Rodent, Always A Rodent

• Order: Rodentia
• The rodents are the most prolific of all mammals.("Breed like rabbits").More than all of the rest of the mammals put together.
• The following rodents have no ancestors BETWEEN types:
  Porcupines, Beavers, Rock Rats, Rabbits and Hares.

• Even in the "oldest" rock layers, they appear abruptly, and fully formed.

Note: ONE SINGLE MISTAKE in the Evolution of the porcupine, like the spines turning out hardened BEFORE birth, and NO MORE PORCUPINES!

13. Backbones From Shells?

The gap between the Invertebrates and vertebrates is huge, and this is the most significant and damaging fact known to scientists.There is a time span of perhaps 100,000,000 years between them in the supposed Evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates.During this time, no doubt ZILLIONS of individual animals which would have been evolving must have lived, yet not even one single fossil exists to show this. Since Evolutionists insist on uniformitarianism, and that fossils are not the result of anything special, why do they not exist? Darwin once said that in his time, not enough fossils had been dug up to prove Evolution conclusively, yet since Darwin billions of fossils have been found, making a mockery of the theory!

14. Why No Fossils In PreCambrian?

There is a supposed time gap, or period of one to twenty six BILLION years of universal history before life entered the scene. Then, all of a sudden-PUFF!-like magic, the scene completely changes to a plethora of unique plant and animal life.

The fossil record goes from single cells directly to complex forms of life such as trilobites, copepods, starfish, sponges, corals, etc. there is no record in stone of the years between the two. Serious blow to Evolution.

The Pre-Cambrian layers are completely void of any fossils. 15. Where Did All The Mammals Come From?

• The mammals of all types appear suddenly and explosively in the Tertiary strata up to the top.
• They all have no ancestors.
• The bat fossils all look like bats.

16. Cave Paintings Of Dinosaurs

In the Grand Canyon, on the Floor of the canyon, there is a cave painting of a dinosaur. The painting is well known by Evolutionists and has been for years. The controversy has only brewed as to the origin and timing of the paintings when Evolution became popular as well as dogmatic in the U.S.

Before that time no person said anything about it.The local Indians also knew about it. They never saw any significance in the paintings, but now the Evolutionists, all of a sudden, have rejected them as being nothing more than a hoax or prank.

17. Pterodactyls, Too Cave paintings of Pterodactyls have also been found in Mexico. Same story as above.

18. Smashed Dinosaurs!

Dinosaur Bones, when you see them being dug up by paleontologists, always seem to be alone, because they are not laid out, usually, as a complete skeleton. Red Deer River Valley in Alberta, Canada: Graveyard where they were all brought together to perish in some great catastrophe.

Life Of A Fossil Hunter ; Mr.Charles H. Sternberg describes these and other graveyards. There are places in the Great Northwest where there are many dinosaurs smashed together into the side of a mountain. They are in heaps. No explanation can come from uniformitarianism and these examples are more the rule than the exception.

19. The Weird Things Found In The Ground In the Ordovician layers of the earth, paleontologists have recently dug up a man-made hammer. This was no ordinary hammer, since when they scratched the surface of the metal, it was iron. The thing that is amazing about this iron is that it has never rusted to this day.

Other examples of human artifacts found in rock layers dated according to the theory of evolution to be millions of years before man supposedly evolved are the following:

• 8 CARAT GOLD CHAIN
• A SPOON
• A THIMBLE
• AN IRON POT
• A BELL

These items were firmly encased in coal and coal miners are well aware of these types of discoveries.

Also found were:

• METALLIC VASE
• A SCREW
• NAILS
• A STRANGE COIN
• A CLAY FIGURINE

These are all very obvious evidence of human habitation where humans do not belong.

The evolutionists either discard, disregard, ignore or do not report these types of finds as a general rule. If the evidence does "leak" out, then they try to explain them away as misplaced by cracks in the earth due to earthquakes or other geologic disasters, otherwise kown as "intrusive burials".

No evidence has ever been presented conclusively by anyone for these disasters.

The only logical explanation is that someone dropped the items and they got buried. No interpretation is necessary if the location of the artifacts can be accepted at face value for what it is.

The evolutionists have to explain these types of discoveries away, the creationists predict them!

Diatomaceous earth is an amorphous form of silica containing a small amount of microcrystalline material.

In Lompoc, California on the property of the Dicalite Division of the Grefco Corporation, there is a whale buried and fossilized in the ground. This is nothing to write home about except that the whale is straight up and down, lying on it's tail. Even this could be explained possibly, but the thing is that it is located in the middle of a formation of diatomaceous earth.

The idea is that the whale would have had to lay in this uncomfortable position for thousands even millions of years while the diatom populations slowly died out, making sure that it does not decay in an way,all the time being dead!

Question: Whay are not these types of formations being formed today?

• Boulders have been found in the middle of coal seams.
• "Older" layers of rock have been found on top of "younger" layers of rock-for dozens of miles. Inches, even centimeters separate the layers and there is no evidence of geologic movement such as earthquakes, etc. There would be fractures and debris in the layer interfaces if the two parts had slid together for millions of years.
• A fully modern human skull was found in the La Brea tar pits and reported in Immanuel Velikovsky's book Earth In Upheaval.
• Also the bones of a human skeleton were found under the fossils of an extinct vulture.
• Fossil clams have been found in California and in Texas, among other places, with the shells completely closed and fossilized. What happens when you cook clams? They open up upon death for the most part.

  It is obvious to the objective observer that the clams were SUDDENLY buried in that position.

• Sea shells have been found on the tops of the highest mountains in all of the world.
• Fossil fish have even been reported to have been found in the Siwalik Hills of the Himalayas.
• In those same hills have been found the remains of herbivores, carnivores, rodents and primates. This was called by one scientist "a remarkable instance of rapid evolution". Notice the non-admission that the a nimals just happened to have been buried together.
• 1300 miles away in Burma there is a 10,000 foot layer of HUNDREDS of types of life. Two layers are separated by a layer of sand in one instance.
• Ohio: A fossil shark bed consisting of different sized sharks in a strata of several feet. The sharks appear to have been buried in swimming position and they are strangely squashed to the thickness of a quarter of an inch. No uniformitarian explanation could be sufficient to explain this occurrence. The time required for that amount of mud to accumulate would be so long that the sharks would have all been decayed. The creation model would explain this completely.
• Drumheller, Alberta, Canada: A chunk of ironstone was found wit h the impression of a dragonfly on it. Also found were chunks with the impressi ons of leaves and plants. Ironstone is not being found today, and laboratory experiments have shown that heat, not time, is the factor in producing ironstone. This goes against the concept of uniformitarianism. This states that the stone is formed slowly by the migration of iron particles. This is ludicrous as the iron would rust before anything else.
• Duck-billed dinosaurs have been found fossilized-in swimming position.

  Dr. D.H. Newell of the American Museum of Natural History in "Adequacy Of The Fossil Record", Journal Of Paleontology , VI. 33, May 1959, p. 146: "One of the most remarkable examples of preservation of organic tissues in antiseptic swamp waters is a 'fossil graveyard, in Eocene lignite deposits of the Geisaltal in central Germany... More than six thousand remains of vertebrate animals and a great number of insects, mollusks, and plants were found in the deposits. The compressed remains of soft tissues of many of these animals showed details of cellular structure and some of the specimens had undergone but little chemical modification."

• The carved bust of a gorilla was found in coal which was supposed to be 100,000,000 years old.
• Two twisted human skeletons were found articulate and in a Cretaceous layer supposed to be 100,000,000 years old.
• Human like footprints have been found in 150-160,000,000 year old rocks in Texas, Utah, Kentucky and Missouri.
• New Siberia and Spitzberger islands: Entire groves of fruit trees frozen and fossilized with the fruit still on them.
• There is a four to five foot stalactite growing under the Lincoln Memorial. The standard textbook time for the growth of this would thousands, hundreds of thousands even millions of years. The Memorial was built in the late 1800's.
  The area has now been roped off to the public. WHY?